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 Arnold
Schoenberg (1874 – 1951) was an Austrian and later American
composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry
and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. Schoenberg is
best known for his twelve tone technique and his pioneering innovations
in atonality, and, to a lesser degree, for extending the German
Romantic traditions of both Brahms and Wagner.
Schoenberg
was also a painter, an important music theorist, and an influential
teacher of composition; his students included Alban Berg, Anton
Webern, and later John Cage, Lou Harrison, and David Van Vactor.
Many of Schoenberg's practices, including the formalization of compositional
method, and his habit of openly inviting audiences to think analytically,
are echoed in avant-garde musical thought throughout the 20th century.
His often polemical views of music history and aesthetics were crucial
to many of the 20th century's significant musicologists and critics,
including Theodor Adorno, Charles Rosen, and Carl Dahlhaus.
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